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| Mission type | Test flight |
|---|---|
| Operator | NASA |
| Mission duration | 2 minutes, 40 seconds |
| Distance travelled | 80 km (50 mi) |
| Apogee | 105.3 km (65.4 mi) |
| Spacecraft properties | |
| Launch mass | 420,000 kg (463 short tons) |
| Start of mission | |
| Launch date | April 25, 1962, 14:00:34 UTC |
| Rocket | Saturn I SA-2 |
| Launch site | |
| End of mission | |
| Destroyed | April 25, 1962, 14:03:14 UTC (Project Highwater) |
Project Apollo Uncrewed tests Saturn I SA-3 → |
Saturn-Apollo 2 (SA-2) was the second flight of the Saturn I launch vehicle, the first flight of Project Highwater, and was part of the American Apollo program. The rocket was launched on April 25, 1962, from Cape Canaveral, Florida.
History[edit]
Launch preparation for the mission began at Cape Canaveral on February 27, 1962, with the arrival of the second Saturn I launch vehicle. The only significant change made to the vehicle from the previous SA-1 flight was the addition of extra baffles in the propellant tanks to prevent fuel sloshing. While no serious delays were encountered, there were several minor problems reported.[1]
Real slot machine apps for android. A leak was detected between the liquid oxygen dome and injector for the #4 H-1 rocket engine; while attempts were made to fix the problem, it was eventually decided to launch without replacing the engine. Minor problems were found in the guidance subsystem and service structure operations, damaged strain gauges were found in a liquid oxygen stud and truss member, and a manhole cover on the dummy Centaur (S-V-D) third stage had to be replaced. Problems arose with two of the fueling computers, but each was repaired. Three hydraulic systems were also listed as potential problems.[1] Free roulette sites.
Despite the issues encountered during flight preparation, none required the target launch date of April 25 to be pushed back.[1]
Flight[edit]
Saturn-Apollo 2 was launched at 14:00:34 UTC on April 25, 1962, from Launch Complex 34.[2] The only hold in the countdown sequence was for 30 minutes due to a vessel which entered the flight safety zone 60 miles (96 km) down range.[1][3] The rocket carried 619,000 pounds (281,000 kg) of propellant, about 83% of its maximum capacity.[1]
The H-1 engines shut down at an altitude of 35 miles (56 km) after firing for 1 minute 55 seconds and reaching a maximum velocity of 3,750 miles per hour (6,040 km/h).[4][5] The vehicle continued to coast to an altitude of 65.4 miles (105.3 km),[6] at which point, 2 minutes 40 seconds after launch,[4] officials sent a terminate command to the rocket, setting off several charges which caused the vehicle to destruct.[1]
Objectives[edit]
Omnifocus pro 2 4 1 download free. The objectives of SA-2 were much the same as those of SA-1 in that it was primarily a test of the Saturn I rocket and the new H-1 engines. Specifically, its goals were to prove propulsion performance and mission adequacy, vehicle structural design and aerodynamic characteristics, guidance and control systems, and launch facility and ground support equipment. NASA declared all objectives as successful. Additionally, the fuel sloshing issue from SA-1 was minimized.[3]
A second objective of both this mission and SA-3 was Project Highwater, the intentional release of ballast water from the second and third stages which allowed scientists to investigate the nature of Earth's ionosphere, as well as noctilucent clouds and the behavior of ice in space.[6]
SA-2's dummy upper stages contained approximately 190,000 pounds (86,000 kg) of water,[6] or 22,900 U.S. gallons (86,685 l),[3] used to simulate the mass of future payloads. Stage two contained 97,000 pounds (44,000 kg) of water, and stage three contained 93,000 pounds (42,000 kg).[6] When the terminate command was sent to the rocket, dynamite charges[4] split the second stage longitudinally, instantly releasing its water load.[6]Primacord charges created several 1-foot (0.30 m) holes in the third stage, releasing its water over a period of several seconds.[6]
Cameras on the ground immediately recorded the water cloud, and personnel at a ground station began to observe it about four to five seconds after release.[2][6] Those personnel reported that the cloud dispersed from vision within an average of five seconds,[6] while more sensitive instruments tracked the cloud to a maximum altitude of 100 miles (161 km).[1] The cloud produced lightning-like effects, which Dr. Wernher von Braun described as 'probably the first synthetic thunderstorm ever generated in space.'[7] Project Highwater on this flight was also declared a success.[5]
References[edit]
This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
- ^ abcdefgBenson, Charles D; Faherty, William Barnaby (1978). 'Saturn I Launches (1962 - 1965)'. Moonport: A History of Apollo Launch Facilities and Operations. NASA. Special Publication 4204; Accession number N79-12127.
- ^ abRyba, Jeanne (July 8, 2009). 'Saturn Test Flights'. NASA.gov. Retrieved May 3, 2012.
- ^ abcBrooks, Courtney G; Grimwood, James M; Swenson, Jr, Loyd S (1979). Chariots for Apollo: A History of Manned Lunar Spacecraft. NASA. pp. 381–2. Special Publication 4205; Accession number N79-28203.
- ^ abcAssociated Press (April 25, 1962). 'Big US Rocket Releases 95 Tons of Water in Sky'. Nashua Telegraph. 93 (47). Nashua, NH. pp. 1, 3.
- ^ abErtel, Ivan D; Morse, Mary Louise (1969). The Apollo Spacecraft: A Chronology - Volume 1. NASA. p. 155. Special Publication 4009; Accession number N69-32021.
- ^ abcdefghWoodbridge, David D; Lasater, James A (March 6, 1965). An Analysis of Project High Water Data. NASA. Accession number N65-21330.
- ^Associated Press (April 26, 1962). 'Saturn Passes Test'. The News and Courier. 162 (116). Charleston, SC. p. 1.
External links[edit]
Media related to Saturn-Apollo 2 at Wikimedia Commons
27 January 1967
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Apollo One 2 3 0 4 7
Edward White, Command Pilot
Virgil 'Gus' Grissom, Commander
Roger Chaffee, Pilot
2/3 Cup
One of the worst tragedies in the history of spaceflight occurred on January 27, 1967 when the crew of Gus Grissom, Ed White, and Roger Chaffee were killed in a fire in the Apollo Command Module during a preflight test at Cape Canaveral. They were training for the first crewed Apollo flight, an Earth orbiting mission scheduled to be launched on 21 February. They were taking part in a 'plugs-out' test, in which the Command Module was mounted on the Saturn 1B on the launch pad just as it would be for the actual launch, but the Saturn 1B was not fueled. The plan was to go through an entire countdown sequence.
At 1 p.m. on Friday, 27 January 1967 the astronauts entered the capsule on Pad 34 to begin the test. A number of minor problems cropped up which delayed the test considerably and finally a failure in communications forced a hold in the count at 5:40 p.m. At 6:30 p.m., Grissom said 'How are we going to get to the Moon if we can't talk between three buildings?'. At 6:31 p.m. a surge was recorded in the AC bus 2 voltage readings, possibly indicating a short-circuit. The cockpit recording is difficult to interpret in places but a few seconds later one of the astronauts (probably Chaffee) is heard to say what sounds like 'Flames!'. Two seconds after that White was heard to say, 'We've got a fire in the cockpit.' The fire spread throughout the cabin in a matter of seconds. Chaffee said, 'We have a bad fire!', followed by shouting. The last crew communication ended 17 seconds after the first indication of the start of the fire, followed by loss of all telemetry. The Apollo hatch could only open inward and was held closed by a number of latches which had to be operated by ratchets. It was also held closed by the interior pressure, which was higher than outside atmospheric pressure and required venting of the command module before the hatch could be opened. It took at least 90 seconds to get the hatch open under ideal conditions. Because the cabin had been filled with a pure oxygen atmosphere at normal pressure for the test and there had been many hours for the oxygen to permeate all the material in the cabin, the fire spread rapidly and the astronauts had no chance to get the hatch open. Nearby technicians tried to get to the hatch but were repeatedly driven back by the heat and smoke. By the time they succeeded in getting the hatch open roughly 5 minutes after the fire started the astronauts had already perished, probably within the first 30 seconds, due to smoke inhalation and burns.
The Apollo program was put on hold while an exhaustive investigation was made of the accident. It was concluded that the most likely cause was a spark from a short circuit in a bundle of wires that ran to the left and just in front of Grissom's seat. The large amount of flammable material in the cabin in the oxygen environment allowed the fire to start and spread quickly. A number of changes were instigated in the program over the next year and a half, including designing a new hatch which opened outward and could be operated quickly, removing much of the flammable material and replacing it with self-extinguishing components, using a nitrogen-oxygen mixture at launch, and recording all changes and overseeing all modifications to the spacecraft design more rigorously.
The mission, originally designated Apollo 204 but commonly referred to as Apollo 1, was officially assigned the name 'Apollo 1' in honor of Grissom, White, and Chaffee. The first Saturn V launch (uncrewed) in November 1967 was designated Apollo 4 (no missions were ever designated Apollo 2 or 3). The Apollo 1 Command Module capsule 012 was impounded and studied after the accident and was then locked away in a storage facility at NASA Langley Research Center. The changes made to the Apollo Command Module as a result of the tragedy resulted in a highly reliable craft which, with the exception of Apollo 13, helped make the complex and dangerous trip to the Moon almost commonplace. The eventual success of the Apollo program is a tribute to Gus Grissom, Ed White, and Roger Chaffee, three fine astronauts whose tragic loss was not in vain.
For more detail on Apollo 1 see the references below.
More on Apollo 1
NASA moves Apollo 1 capsule to new storage facility - NASA Press Release, February 2007Plan to store Apollo 1 capsule with Challenger debris cancelled - NASA Press Releases, May 1990
Apollo-1 - Kennedy Space Center
Apollo-1 - NASA History Office
Apollo 1 - The Fire - Apollo By The Numbers
The Fire that Seared the Spaceport - Moonport: A History of Apollo Launch Facilities and Operations
Tragedy and Recovery - Chariots for Apollo
A Tragic Fire Takes Three Lives - Apollo Expeditions to the Moon
Setback and Recovery: 1967 - Where No Man Has Gone Before: A History of Apollo Lunar Exploration Missions
Return to Lunar home page
Author/Curator:
Dr. David R. Williams, dave.williams@nasa.gov
NSSDCA, Mail Code 690.1
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
Greenbelt, MD 20771
+1-301-286-1258
NASA Official: Dr. David R. Williams, david.r.williams@nasa.gov
Last Updated: 16 January 2018, DRW
